Impact of HIV/AIDS on Fertility: Key Insights for Men and Women

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) are often misunderstood. HIV indicates the presence of a virus that attacks the immune system but has not yet developed into AIDS.Read More

On the other hand, AIDS is the final stage of HIV, characterized by a severely weakened immune system.

HIV primarily targets CD4 cells—white blood cells critical for immune response. Over time, the virus compromises the body’s defenses, making it vulnerable to severe infections and diseases. HIV spreads through bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk but cannot be transmitted via air, water, or casual physical contact. For individuals affected by HIV and related concerns, consulting specialists in reproductive health can provide important guidance on managing reproductive health and fertility.

Without treatment, HIV progresses into AIDS within a decade. However, antiretroviral therapy can help people with HIV lead long, healthy lives, preventing progression to AIDS.

HIV/AIDS and Fertility: How Are Men and Women Affected?

HIV and AIDS can significantly impact fertility in both men and women.

Effects on Men

HIV-positive men often experience hormonal imbalances, leading to reduced sperm motility, concentration, and structural abnormalities. Opportunistic infections like orchitis and prostatitis can damage reproductive organs, while conditions such as erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction, and lowered libido are common in up to 60% of patients.

Effects on Women

In women, HIV reduces fertility by 26%. Hormonal imbalances can lead to irregular menstrual cycles, disrupting ovulation. The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) increases, potentially causing fallopian tube scarring and impaired conception. HIV may also accelerate ovarian aging, reducing ovarian reserves and advancing perimenopause.

Moreover, antiretroviral medications can affect sperm and egg quality, further influencing fertility outcomes.

Pregnancy and HIV/AIDS: Key Considerations

For HIV-positive individuals, pregnancy comes with unique challenges. The risk of transmitting HIV to the baby exists during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This vertical transmission risk is low—less than 2% with proper precautions—but requires careful management.

Reducing Transmission Risks

If the male partner is HIV-positive, sperm washing can remove viral particles before reproductive treatments.
Antiretroviral therapy is crucial for HIV-positive mothers to minimize the risk of transmission to the baby.

Early Symptoms of HIV and AIDS

Early signs of HIV can resemble flu symptoms, including fever, chills, sore throat, skin rashes, and swollen lymph nodes. If untreated, HIV progresses to AIDS, characterized by opportunistic infections, chronic diarrhea, neurological issues, rapid weight loss, and skin abnormalities. For individuals seeking assistance with reproductive health during HIV treatment, consulting infertility care clinics can offer valuable support and guidance.

With timely antiretroviral treatment, many HIV-positive individuals can maintain their health and even plan for parenthood with minimal risks.

Supporting HIV-Positive Couples on Their Parenthood Journey

For couples affected by HIV, achieving parenthood is possible with medical support. Advanced fertility treatments, combined with antiretroviral therapy, can help minimize risks and address fertility challenges. Reproductive specialists can provide personalized care to ensure a safe pregnancy and delivery.

Bottom Line

HIV/AIDS significantly impacts fertility and reproductive health, but medical advancements have made it possible for affected individuals to manage these challenges effectively. By seeking timely medical support and adhering to treatment protocols, HIV-positive individuals and couples can achieve their dreams of parenthood.Refrence link: https://www.clinicatambre.com/en/last-news/hiv-and-fertility-all-you-need-to-know